Life of the Prophet (pbuh)

Here you go guys, finally the notes of Life of the Prophet (pbuh) are posted! (Thanks to a friend for providing these notes..!!)

Life of Prophet (Part 1)

Life of Prophet (Part 2)

Life of Prophet (Part 3)

Life of Prophet (Part 4)

Life of Prophet (Part 5)

Life of Prophet (Part 6)

Life of Prophet (Part 7)

Extra's For paper 1:
Life of Prophet (Part X)

Extras:




LIFE OF HOLY PROPHET (SAWS) in MAKKAH

ANCESTORS:


Ahmed–e-Mujtaba MUHAMMAD Mustafa (SAWS) belonged to a noble family
of Quraish a
Holy Prophet
 nd as a descendant of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS). Hazrat MUHAMMAD (SAWS) was

azrat Ismail (AS)
was settled in Hijaz- Arabia. One of them was known as FIHR (Quraish) 
the direct descendant of Hazrat Ismail (AS). One of the descendant of 
Hwhere as one
of his descendant became the custodian of the key of Ka’abah and known as QUSSAI.

 Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) named Hazrat Abdul Muttalib belonged to Banu
Hashim. He h
The grandson of Qussai was named as Hashim (his family was known as Banu Hashim).
Grandfather o
fad 7 sons. One of them was Hazrat Abdullah, the father of Prophet (SAWS).

HAZRAT ABDUL MUTTALIB:


g 7 sons was settled in Makkah as the custodian of the key of Ka’abah.
He was pro
The grandfather of Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) named Hazrat Abdul Muttalib belonged to
Banu Hashim, havi
nminent for the following THREE reasons:
• Restoration of the fountain of ZamZam
• Courageous Dialogue with Abraha (Christian Viceroy of Yemen)

 to Bibi Aminah (the
daughter of Wahab) but died before the
• Bringing up of his orphan grandson Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS)

HAZRAT ABDULLAH:

Hazrat Abdullah was the father of Holy Prophet (SAWS) who marrie
d birth of Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) in 570 C.E.
and left a few Camels, Goats and a slave girl Umme Aiman in heritance.

BIRTH & EARLY LIFE OF HOLY PROPHET (SAWS):


ied
before his birth.
IMPORTANCE OF THE NAME:
His mother called him Ahmed a
Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) was born on 12 Rabi` al-Awwal 570 C.E. in Makkah His

father, `Abdullah Ibn `Abdul Muttalib of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe, 
dnd his grandfather
named him MUHAMMAD (SAWS) and clarified:
“ I have named him Muhammad so that
his name may be praised on the earth and in the heavens.”

nowledged the claim of
Qur’an.
His name is the compulsory part of Kalimah without which 
Later (after 1422 years approx.) a book of a world renowned (a non-Muslim) writer of the
personalities ranked him the Best Personality of the World and ac
kno one can enter in the circle
of Islam. His name is the part of Aaza’an (Call for Prayers). The importance of his name’s
blessings is also related with the incident of the reason of restoration of Heaven for

as a part
of custom. She handed over him to his m
Hazrat Adam (AS)- the father of the human beings.
He was born as an orphan, therefore, had a very simple nature, honest and loving
personality. After the birth, he was given in the charge of Bibi Halima Saadia
 other and took him to the grave of his father. At
return his mother fell ill and died at Abwa when he was only of 6 years.
Hazrat Abdul Muttalib, his grandfather took over the charge of upbringing of Hazrat

y Prophet SAWS)
took over the charge of Holy Prophet (PBUH) and gave him due love an
Muhammad (SAWS) and opposed practically the tradition of orphan’s beggar use. But he
died when Holy Prophet (PBUH) was only 8 years old.
Then, Hazrat Abu Talib (a son of Hazrat Abdul Muttalib, an Uncle of Ho
ld affection.
At the age of 9 years, Holy Prophet (PBUH) began to show signs of an intelligent and
inquisition mind by helping elders in a battlefield.
At the age of 12 years, Holy Prophet (PBUH) proved himself as an honest, truthful and

het (PBUH) had a feel of frustration on the condition of Arabs/Arabia because
Arab
righteous person in a mercantile journey to Syria with his uncle Hazrat Abu Talib.
Therefore, he was titled as al Sadiq and al Ameen in his 23 rd year of age.

{ 570 AD – 622 AD }

Frustration on the Conditions of Arabia/Arabs:

Holy Pro
ps had forgotten the message of the Creator completely. They (Arabs) were dealt in
the worst form of idolatry & the Ka’abah was full of idols. Drinking, gambling, cruelty and
other vices were common. There was No settled government and No enforcement of Law

RAH (chaste) among the Makkans. She remained as
his sole wife till her death for Twenty 
in the region. Qur’an named and Holy Prophet (PBUH) called this age of Arabia as the Age
of Ignorance.

MARRIAGE TO HAZRAT KHADIJA (RAH):

Holy Prophet (PBUH) married to Hazrat Khadija (RAH) when he was 25 years and she was
of 40 years. She was known as TAH
Ifive years after her marriage.

FIXING OF BLACK STONE (HAJR-E-ASWAD):

Once, as a result of heavy rain, the walls of Ka’abah collapsed and had to be
reconstructed. The 4 chiefs of Makkan’s tribes constructed the walls of Ka’abah. At the
time of Fixing Black Stone (Hajr-e-Aswad), a dispute arose among the chiefs of Makkah.

sted that he would
spread a cloth sheet on the floor and all of the present (4 chi
The dispute reached to bloodshed and then, a wise old man of Banu Ummayyah advised
that the decision should be taken by a neutral person who would enter Ka’abah first the
next morning. Every body was agreed with this suggestion. Holy Prophet (PBUH) was the
first person who entered in Ka’abah first the next morning. He sugg
eefs) would put the blackstone
in the centre of the sheet and permit Muhammad (SAWS) to place it in the wall and they
would pick up the each corner of the sheet and would carry that sheet till its proper place.
No one raised any objection. Thus he solved the matter. He was at the age of 35 years.

CALL TO PROPHETHOOD: [First year of Prophethood] 610 A.D.


…………………” (96:1-5)

Holy Prophet (PBUH) was frightened and wanted to know about the actu
When he reached to the age of 40 years and once he was sitting in Cave Hira, meditating
on the conditions of Arabia, an angel (Hazrat Gabriel AS) came before him and asked to
Read, he replied that he was ummi (a person who did not get education in a school). The
third time , angel hugged him and asked him to read as:

“Read in the name of Allah……………………………
…al fact of the
incident, therefore, Hazrat Khadija (RAH) took him to her cousin Warqa Bin Naufal, a
Christian Scholar who acknowledged that the Messenger was Hazrat Gabriel AS and Holy
Prophet (PBUH) was nominated as the Last Messenger of God.

START OF PREACHING: [2nd to 4th years of Prophethood] 611-613AD

A few months later, Prophet (SAWS) received another set of revelation containing the

ir opposition and persecution in the 5th year of Prophethood.
The cruelties of pagans f
message to ‘preach’ Islam & Qur’anic teachings by starting from the kinsfolk as said in
26:214, 15:94 and 74:1-3 respectively.

Years of Bitter Opposition and Persecution

[5th & 6th Year of Prophethood] 614-616 AD

Pagans of Makkah assumed that the Muslim believers were against the faith of their
forefathers and were insulting their idols by rejecting their worship. Therefore, they
raised th
eor the followers of Islam become unbearable due to which Holy
Prophet (SAWS) advised his followers’ delegation of 15 [headed by Hazrat Jaffar Taiyyar
(RA)] and an other delegation of 64 followers [headed by Hazrat Usman (RA)] to migrate
to Abyssinia respectively.
Hazrat Jaffar Taiyyar Radi Allahu Anhu (brother of Hazrat Ali Radi Allahu Anhu) gave a
sensational religious speech supported by the recitation of Surah Maryam (19: 1-21 and

u. They claimed & invited Muslims to offer prayer in Ka’abah and started
to offer it 
3:45-51) before the King of Abyssinia, Najashi (who was a Christian Emperor). After a
detailed dialogue, Najashi favoured the Muslims and ordered pagans to go back and did
not return the Muslims.

YEAR OF MUSLIM STRENGTH: [6th year of Prophethood] 616 AD

The Muslims have got courage and strength with the consecutive events of embracing
Islam by Hazrat Hamzah Radi Allahu Anhu (Uncle of Holy Prophet pbuh) and Hazrat Umar
Radi Allahu An
hby themselves first.

YEARS OF BOYCOTT: [7th _ 9th year of Prophethood] 617-619 AD

All tribes of Quraish proclaimed a social and economic boycott of Banu Hashim in
Makkah. It was announced in 7th year and lasted by themselves at the end of 9th year of
Prophethood.

YEAR OF GRIEF: [10th year of Prophethood] 619-620 AD

In the 10th year of Prophethood, Hazrat Khadija Razi-Allahu-Anha (first wife of Holy
Prophet pbuh) and Hazrat Abu Talib (dear uncle of Holy Prophet pbuh) died one by one.

Surah Isra.

PLEDGES OF AQABAH: 620 – 622 AD
[ 11th , 12th & 13th Year of Prophetho
Later, Hazrat Sawdah Razi-Allahu-Anha and Hazrat Aisha Razi-Allahu-Anha got married
with Holy Prophet (SAWS) one by one.
People of Taif invited Holy Prophet (SAWS) for preaching but he reached there they tried
to insult him and injured him but Holy Prophet (SAWS) did not curse them and asked
guidance for them.
Almighty Allah liked his piety and called him for the holy journey of Mai’raj as it is partly
described in different Qur’anic passages such as worldly earth journey is indicated in
od ]


S OF MAI’RAJ SHAREEF

Event is proved by Certified Ahadith of Sahih Muslim and Sahi
Six persons of Khazraj (Yasrib) came to Prophet pbuh at Aqaba – Makkah and embraced
Islam in 11th year of Prophethood.
Meanwhile, Holy Prophet (SAWS) visited Taif on their invitation but when he reached
there and started preaching Islamic teachings, they not only insulted him but injured him
so cruelly that his shoes were filled with his blood. On this occasion, Allah (SWT) gave him
an option to curse the people of Ta’if. But Holy Prophet (SAWS) prayed for their guidance
and forgiveness.

EVEN
Th Bukhari
and the Holy Qur’an specially 17:1. Event was held on 27th Rajjab al Murrajab12th year of

Prophethood.
Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) was awakened by Hz. Jibraaiyl (AS) and told him that Allah
had conferred on him the unique honour of invitation to His Own Presence.
Hz. Jibraaiyl (AS) opened the Holy Prophet (SAWS)’s breast, took out his heart , washed
it with ZamZam and filled it with the Light (Nur) of Allah and then re-placed it in his body.
Then took him on Buraq a unique birds qualitative animal brought from the heavens
specially for this auspicious holy journey.

as well. He saw there an angel
having half of his body of Fire and half of ice, 
Prophet(SAWS) proceeded to Masjid-e-Aqsa accompanied by Hazrat Jibraaiyl (AS) on
Buraq. He said that the journey was of two steps only [it was recorded that a person could
travel that journey in almost 90 days]. Reaching at Al Aqsa, he was welcomed by Angels
and Former Prophets and they offered 2 Raka’ah prayer lead by Prophet (SAWS). Hence,
he was declared Imam al Ambia on earth. Then, the journey towards sky/heavens was
started.
Prophet (SAWS) met with the leader of the Angels, Hazrat Ismail (AS) at the first sky
with his staff warmly. He met with Hazrat Adam (AS) there
 on query, Jibraaiyl (AS) explained that the
Angel was known as Mahter Ra’ad who has a duty to start and stop rainfall and snowfall.
He saw that some people were busy in agricultural activities, Jibraaiyl (AS) explained that
they were they people of earth who always earned uprightly in the world and spent their
wealth as
per Allah’s Commands. Then he saw that some Angels were stoning the heads of humans;
Jibraaiyl (AS) explained that they were the negligent of daily prayers.

Then he saw that humans, male & female had blessings of Allah to eat but they were
eating Dead bodies of prohibited; Jibraaiyl (AS) described that they were those who were

as, then, transported to the 4th sky where he met with Hazrat 
dealt in adultery (Zina), deceiving others, and were in usury.
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (SAWS) saw different scenes of the Heaven and Hell where the
grant of blessings and punishments were carried out. Then, he moved towards the 2nd
sky where he met with Hazrat Yahya (AS) and Hazrat Issa (AS) and with an angel Mahter
Qasim (AS) who assists Hazrat Mikhail (AS) in distributing food to the creatures of Allah.
Here, the leader in charge of the 2nd sky was Hazrat Jibraaiyl (AS).
Prophet (SAWS) reached to the 3rd sky and met with the in charge angel Mahter Ma’ayl
(AS) and Hazrat Yousuf (AS) who give him an advice of patience to face problems.
Prophet (SAWS) 
wIdrees
(AS). He was also introduced with Hazrat Izrael (AS). Prophet (AS) asked him the reasons
of having his 4 faces. Hazrat Izrael (AS) replied that with front face that is made of NUR,
he possess the soul of Momineen; with the face of the right side (made of anger);, he
possess the soul of sinners; with the face of the left side (made of Qahr), he possess the
soul of hypocrites; with the face of the back side (made of fire of hell), he possess the soul
of disbelievers/unbelievers and Mushrikeen.
When he reached to the 5th sky, he met with Mahter Amayl (A.S) who was introduced
as the leader in charge of the angels there. He also met with Hazrat Haroon (A.S) who

pes of cups by him; first of Milk, second of Wine; and the
third of Water, Prophet (
gave him some tips of public speeches. Then, he was transported to the 6th sky where
he was welcomed by the leading in charge angel Mahter Haayl (A.S) and by Hazrat
Mussa (A.S). Hazrat Mussa (A.S) advised him to be very careful while accepting any
duty owe to Allah assigned to his Ummah as the Ummah would have weak in physic and
in senses’ control (spiritually) and also with a short length of age to live their worldly
lives. There, Holy Prophet (SAWS) saw an other Leading Angel on 19,000’s angels’ staff
named “Mahter Maalik(A.S)”- the In charge of the Hell.
Then, he met with another angel Mahter Rizwan (A.S) who was the in charge of the
Heavens. He was offered 3 t
ySAWS) selected the cup of Milk. Hazrat Jibraaiyl (A.S) appreciated
and clarified that because of right choice of cup your Ummah is secured from Aafaat and
destructions (Azaab). After wards, he was transported to the 7th sky till Sidrat-il-Muntaha,
Hazrat Jibraaiyl (A.S) requested Prophet (SAWS) to continue the journey on Rafraf but he
would not accompany him as he was not permitted for any single step ahead.
From there (Sidrat-il-Muntaha on Rafraf), he was called by Allah, the Almighty on the
ARSH-E-ULLAA for one to one meeting. THERE both, the Creator and His Best creature
well conversed for each every secret and common matters. At return, he was gifted with
SALAT and unlimited glade tidings. Next morning, he discussed the event with Hazrat Abu

ate to Yasrib. Holy Prophet (SAWS), after assigning
the du
Bakr (RA) who second his statement without any hesitation.
Twelve persons of Khazraj (Yasrib) came to Prophet pbuh at Aqaba – Makkah
and embraced Islam in 12th year of Prophethood. Seventy Five persons of Khazraj
(Yasrib) came to Prophet pbuh at Aqaba – Makkah and embraced Islam in 13 th year of
Prophethood.

MIGRATION TO YASRIB: [13th Year of Prophethood] 622 AD

When Quraish redoubled their persecution on Holy Prophet (SAWS) and his followers, he
advised his followers to migrate to Yasrib in small groups and families. But he waited for
the permission of Almighty Allah. Meanwhile, pagans plotted a killing plan for the Prophet
& his followers which Allah Almighty disclosed before His last messenger in Surah al-
Anfal (8:30) and advised him to mig
rty to Hazrat Ali Radi-Allahu-Anhu to return the valuables of the people of Quraish,
migrated to Yasrib with his closest companion Hazrat Abu Bakr Radi-Allahu-Anhu.

BETWEEN MAKKAH AND MADINAH: [13th Year of Prophethood] 622 AD

Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) accompanied with Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) stayed at Quba
on 8th Rabi ul Awwal of 622 A.D. Quba is situated 3 miles away from Madinah (Yasrib).

This place was also known as quarters of Bani Salem. Hazrat Ali (RA) joined him at
this place and then they laid the foundation of the first Masjid of Islam on earth named

“Masjid-e-Quba”. Holy Prophet (SAWS) led the First Friday’s Congregational Prayer and then left

Quba for Yasrib.

3.3 LIFE OF HOLY PROPHET (SAWS) in MADINAH

{ 622 AD – 632 AD }

FIRST YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 1ST A.H. ] 622 AD


 business transactions would be able to know the
FIRST STAY AND CONSTRUCTION OF MASJID AT MADINAH

Holy Prophet (SAWS) stayed where his camel stopped. His camel sat on an empty plot
of two orphan boys just in front of the house of Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari (RA). Thus,
Holy Prophet (SAWS) paid the price of the plot to the orphans and offered them to
stay with him till their new shelter would not be arranged. Till then, he stayed in the
house of Hazrat Abu Ayub Ansari (RA). He received a revelation of Surah Ta’ubah verse
108; “>>>>>>>” So, he reserved the major part of the plot for the House of Allah and
started construction of First Masjid in Yasrib named Masjid-e-Nabwi.

AZAAN / CALL FOR PRAYER AND BEGINNING OF ISLAMIC CALENDAR

Hazrat Umar (RA) suggested an option of Azaan / Call for Prayer so that the people who
would be busy i
n timings for prayers.
Holy Prophet (SAWS) praised his suggestion and assigned him to write the wordings
of Azaan (later it was approved by Wahi). Then, Holy Prophet (SAWS) assigned Hazrat
Bilal (RA) to learn and Proclaim Azaan. Thus, Hazrat Bilal (RA) became the First Mo’azzan
of Islam and Masjid-e-Nabwi. Hazrat Umar (RA) suggested an other option of making of Islamic
Calendar, which was allowed and guided by Holy Prophet (SAWS).

SETTLEMENT OF MUHAJIREEN / MAWAKHAT

The role of Muhajireen and Ansars for the cause of Islam was praised by Allah himself in
the Holy Qur’an in 8:63 & 8:72 and guided to establish Mawakhat (a bond of brotherhood)
and to live a prosper and peaceful communal life in Madinah. Thus, Holy Prophet (SAWS)
established the First Muslim Society by joining one family of Muhajireen with a family of

ows for prayers were completed when Holy Prophet (SAWS) reached and stand
in the las
Ansar. Therefore, the event is known as MAWAKHAT and the city of Yasrib was named as
the City of Prophet (SAWS) –Madinah.

TREATY WITH JEWS

Holy Prophet (SAWS) and his followers entered into an agreement with Jews Tribes of
Madinah – Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza, known as “Treaty of Madinah”.
This treaty is a landmark in the history of mankind in which equal rights of the
citizenship were defined and were practiced. As a result of this treaty, Holy Prophet
(SAWS) was recognized as the undisputed leader, ruler, judge and the commander of the
people of Madinah.

SECOND YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 2ND A.H. ] 623AD

CHANGE OF QIBLAH

An event of great significance featured in the month of Sha‘ban 2 A.H., (i.e. February).
Once, Holy Prophet (SAWS) got late in reaching Masjid-e-Qiblah , the Iqamat was said
and the 
rt centre of a new row ( having a wish to have the direction of worship towards
Masjid–e-Haram, Almighty Allah sent a set of revelation of 2:143 and 2:144 to change the
direction of the prayers from Masjid-e-Aqsa to Masjid-e-Haram with immediate effect.
Thus, this prayer was also led by Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and the Masjid was named
as Masjid-e-Qiblatain.

FASTING OF RAMADAN

Fasting of the month of Ramadan for 30 days (as per the condition of citing of moon)
were ordained as OBLIGATORY for the Muslims and the Message was revealed in 2:183-
187 of Holy Qur’an.

PAYMENT OF ZAKAT

To purify wealth of the believers after purifying their physiques through Prayers and
fasting, the order for the Payment of Zakat was also revealed in the words mentioned
therein 2:195, 2:275-279.

BATTLE OF BADR

Abu Jahl, who came for the security of Abu Suffiyan (who was attacked by the way

mark of the Divine favour and of the state of their undisturbed minds.
"(Remember) w
robbers), blamed Muslims for the cause, later refused Abu Suffiyan also to return to
Makkah and advanced towards Madinah against Muslims instead.
In the month of Safar 2 A.H.(623 AD), Allah showed a dream to Holy Prophet (SAWS) about
the battle to be fought in the plain of Badr and the victory of Believers. Allah permitted
Prophet (SAWS) and his followers to fight against the unbelievers who imposed fighting
on them in the words said in Surah al Baqarah verse 190 with a few lessons and training
as indicated in 3:13+123, 8:45 and 54:45 of Holy Qur’an.
Madinah’s border- Badr was attacked
by the enemies of Islam from 3 sides,
Quraish+Jews+Munafiqeen as mentioned in 4:61 of the Holy Qur’an.
The Prophet [pbuh] spent the whole night preceding the day of the battle in prayer
and supplication. The Muslim army, wearied with their long march, enjoyed sound and
refreshing sleep, a
 hen He covered you with a slumber as a security from Him, and He caused
rain to descend on you from the sky, to clean you thereby and to remove from you the Rijz
(whispering, evil suggestions, etc.) of Satan, and to strengthen your hearts, and make
your feet firm thereby." [Al-Qur'an 8:11]
That was Friday night, Ramadan 17th., the year 2 A.H.
In the morning, the Prophet [pbuh] called his men to offer the prayers and then urged
them to fight in the way of Allah. As the sun rose over the desert, the Prophet [pbuh]
drew up his little army, and pointing with an arrow which he held in his hand, arranged
the ranks.
The help of Allah reached in the course of Battle action while 313 Muslims faced 1000
armed enemies. It is described in 8:9, 8:44 and 8:19 of Holy Qur’an that Allah has bestowed
His favours to His followers and believers whatsoever and whoever is against.
Thus Battle of Badr has given so many names such as Day of Testing (8:29), Yaum-al-

tegy by Prophet
(SAWS) but when they archers saw that Believers have defeated the pagans,
Furqan (8:41), Sign of Allah (3:13). The Muslims were victorious in this Battle and Allah
demolished the pride of Pagans.

THIRD YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 3RD A.H. ] 624 AD

The Muslims were just thanked God after the Battle of Badr, the conspirators started
plotting a plan to take a revenge of the insulting defeat at Badr from Muslims.

BATTLE OF UHAD

In 3 A.H., pagans of Makkah attacked Madinah in 3000 with fully equipped against
1000 Muslims reaching Uhad. Abdullah Bin Ubbay deserted with 300 soldiers due to
disagreement on selection of Battlefield, hence declared in 33:10-24 that the people who
claim the faith by words but without true intention and desert at the time of test, they
are entitled as hypocrites.
Remaining 700 believers reached Uhad and were camped. Holy Prophet (SAWS) deputed
50 Archers on all directions at key posts. Quraish attacked first and Muslims responded
well. The wise deputation of Archers proved the best possible war str
a they
started collecting booty whereas they were strictly advised not to leave their posts. In
this way more then 30 archers disobeyed the Prophet’s command and were killed by the
forces of enemies who re attacked them as they saw that they had left the key posts.
While the small army of Islam were recording the second absolute and clear victory over
the Makkans—which was no less in splendour and glory than the first one at Badr —
the majority of the archers on the mountainside committed a fatal mistake that turned
the whole situation upside down, and constituted a source of heavy losses amongst the
Muslims.
Thus, believer bored a great loss in this battle. Hazrat Hamza (RA), one of the beloved
uncle of Holy Prophet (SAWS) was also martyred by a slave of Hindah (the wife of Abu

Suffiyan and daughter of Lahab Utba) in this battle. Holy Prophet (SAWS) was found
in great sorrow so that Allah revealed a message in this regard via 111:1-5. Due to the

r their expulsion from Madinah but they
did not leave conspiracies against believers and
sad and large number of casualties, nursing was started first time in the world. Muslims
learnt that how is harmful the disobedience of Holy Prophet (SAWS)!!

FOURTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 4TH A.H. ] 625AD

After the disclosure of Uhad’s conspiracy against Muslims by the contracted Tribes, steps
were taken against Banu Nazir in the FOURTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 4TH A.H. ] 625 AD who had
fortified themselves inside their strongholds after knowing the decision that Muslims with
other allies would take a severe action against their violation of the agreed and signed
Treaty.
Muslims with other tribes surrounded their strongholds and urged them to come to a
dialogue but they did not agree. After 21 day’s siege, they surrendered themselves.
However, the believers and the alliance group had given them 10 days’ time to collect
their belongings and leave Madinah. Therefore, the hypocrites of Madinah were expelled.

People of Banu Nazir were settled in Khyber aft
e asked help from other tribes of Jews and
Quraish against Muslims. Ghatafan and Five other tribes supported Banu Nazir and they
chose Abu Suffiyan as their leader who led them towards Madinah. This news reached to
Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) who immediately consulted his companions to find out the
strategy.
Hazrat Salman Farsi (RA) suggested to dig a huge Trench on the Fourth side that was
open for any attack. THREE thousand Muslims worked in digging the Trench. Meanwhile,
the troops of enemies reached from 2 sides, one from rocky hills and the bigger troop
from Trench side. The troops who came from the Trench side were disappointed. They
camped to understand the situation and some of them preferred to take the second
rock hills’ route. At this stage, Banu Quraiza shown a sympathy with the enemies’ Jews
tribe, had broken the treaty and met with enemies. Allah (SWT) has pointed out them
Hypocrites of a dangerous nature in Surah Al Ahzab verse 9 and 13>>>>; whereas the

with his 1400 (unarmed) companions set out for Makkah for the Pilgrimage.
Three miles aw
battle is named as Battle of Ahzab or Battle of Allies in Holy Qur’an Chapter 33 Verse 10
& 11.>>>> .
Then Holy Prophet (SAWS) prayed Allah who sent down the divine help of a storm due
to which the camps of the enemies were either fired or destroyed. The enemies of Islam
and their allies suffered an unforgettable loss and were defeated. Muslims possessed
the booty of the war and were victorious. Thus, this Battle was significant in the history
of Islam that gave the lessons to the enemies to be careful next time as they had been
defeated so many times and would have face the divine confrontations. It left far
reaching consequences.

FIFTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 5TH A.H. ] 626 AD

SIXTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 6TH A.H. ] 627 AD

Holy Prophet (SAWS) saw a dream that he was entering in the Holy Ka’abah by signing
a treaty. Therefore, he invited the companions and followers for pilgrimage amongst
whom 1400 second the invitation of the Prophet (SAWS). Thus, Holy Prophet (SAWS
)ay from Makkah, Quraish’s squad made them stop, so Holy Prophet
(SAWS) sent Hazrat Uthman (RA) to clarify the intention of Pilgrimage. They offered him
only to perform pilgrimage but he urged to call his leader Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) and
the other companions which was denied and they hostile him.
Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) heard a rumor of the martyrdom of Hazrat Uthman (RA) that
is why he sent an other messenger to enquire the truth, he said that if it would be true
then we would take revenge of that and would ask for the custody of the killer. Holy
Prophet (SAWS) addressed the companions at this occasion and took oath under the tree
of Rizwan (RA)’s orchard. This event is known as Bayt-e-Rizwan in Islamic history.

Hazrat Uthman (RA) and the other messenger were released by Quraish with a
suggestion to sign a Pact of Peace at Hudaibiya. Holy Prophet (SAWS) accepted the
suggestion and agreed to sign the Agreement though the terms and conditions of the
Treaty were very strict and one sided and thus the leading companions were not in

a bond of good international
relationships with other states. Thus, Holy Prophet (SAW
favour of signing the treaty but when Holy Prophet (SAWS) recited the Verses 1 “>>>”,
17 “>>>”, 18 “>>>” and 27 “>>>” of Holy Qur’an from Chapter 48, they agreed with
the opinion of Prophet (SAWS) as per the past experiences.
The major 4 terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya were as follows:
Muslims would return to Madinah that year.
Muslims would be allowed to come for Pilgrimage next year for only 3 days.
If a Quraish join Muslims without permission would be sent back to Makkah; but if a
Muslim from Madinah may go to Makkah would not be sent back.
No fighting or no killing for years must be observed.
Victory of Muslims through this treaty was truly hidden in its third and fourth condition
as it was said by Allah (SWT) in Holy Qur’an [48:1], “>>>>>>”. This shows that how
Allah (SWT) bestowed Holy Prophet (SAWS) with excellence of wisdom.

SEVENTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 7TH A.H. ] 628 AD

Da‘wah

Treaty of Hudaibiya brought a sense of peace in the lives of believers, so Holy Prophet
(SAWS) re started the preaching process and establishes
 S) wrote letters to several Kings
and Emperors in which he invited them to establish brothern and cooperative relationship
within the region and for the global peace. He invited them to embrace Islam as well. He
wrote a letter to Heraclus, a Roman Emperor, who replied politely but did not embrace
Islam. Holy Prophet (SAWS) sent a letter to Chosroes (Khusro), a Persian Emperor, who
insulted and killed the conveyer and tore the letter. His son killed him and later he suicide
himself also.
Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) wrote a letter to the very famous King of Abyssinia, Negus-
Najashi who embraced Islam. Dr. Hameedullah exerted painstaking effort and used all
means of modern technology to verify the text of the letter, which reads as follows:
"In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.
From Muhammad the Messenger of Allah to Negus, king of Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Salutations, I entertain Allah’s praise, there
is no god but He, the Sovereign, the Holy, the Source of peace, the Giver of peace, the

ng reply to the Prophet [pbuh]:
"In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merci
Guardian of faith, the Preserver of safety. I bear witness that Jesus, the son of Mary, is
the spirit of Allah and His Word which He cast into Mary, the virgin, the good, the pure, so
that she conceived Jesus. Allah created him from His spirit and His breathing as He created
Adam by His Hand. I call you to Allah Alone with no associate and to His obedience and to
follow me and to believe in that which came to me, for I am the Messenger of Allah. I invite
you and your men to Allah, the Glorious, the All-Mighty. I hereby bear witness that I have
communicated my message and advice. I invite you to listen and accept my advice. Peace be
upon him who follows true guidance."[Za'd Al-Ma'ad 3/60]
The text of this letter is doubtlessly authentic, but to maintain that it was written after Al-
Hudaibiyah event is still a question lacking in definite evidence.
When ‘Amr bin Omaiyah Ad-Damari communicated the Apostolic letter to Negus, the latter
took the parchment and placed it on his eye, descended to the floor, confessed his faith in
Islam and wrote the follow
iful.
From Negus Ashama to Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah. Peace be upon you, O
Messenger of Allah! and mercy and blessing from Allah beside Whom there is no god. I
have received your letter in which you have mentioned about Jesus and by the Lord of
heaven and earth, Jesus is not more than what you say. We fully acknowledge that with
which you have been sent to us and we have entertained your cousin and his companions.
I bear witness that you are the Messenger of Allah, true and confirming (those who have
gone before you), I pledge to you through your cousin and surrender myself through him

to the Lord of the worlds."[Za'd Al-Ma'ad 3/61]
Then, the Rulers of Egypt-Cyprus, Oman and Bahrain also honoured the invitation of
Hazrat Muhammad (SAWS) and the Ruler of Egypt sent a slave girl (Hazrat Maria- who
became Muslim and a wife of Holy Prophet SAWS, later) as a traditional gift.

KHYBER EXPEDITION:

Banu Nazir, after leaving Madinah did not leave plotting conspiracy against Muslims. They
started conspiracy against Holy Prophet (SAWS) and his followers.
After Al-Hudaibiyah Treaty, the major party of the anti-Islam tripartite coalition —

 forestall their hostilities.
Interpreters of the Noble Qur’ân suggest that capturin
Quraish, the bedouin horde of Najd tribes and the Jews — was neutralized, therefore,
the Prophet [pbuh] deemed it an appropriate time to settle his affairs with the other two
wings — the Jews and the Najd tribes — in order that peace and security could prevail
and the Muslims may devote their time and effort in propagating the Message of Allah
and calling people to embrace it. Khaibar itself had always remained a hotbed of intrigue
and conspiracy, and the Jews had always constituted it a source of military provocations
and war instigation centre, so it was given a top priority on the agenda of the Prophet’s
compelling exigencies. The Jews of Khaibar had united by an ancient alliance with the
Confederates, triggered Bani Quraiza to practise treachery, maintained contacts with
Ghatfan and the Arabians and they even devised an attempt at the Prophet’s life. In fact,
the continual afflictions that the Muslims had sustained were primarily attributable to
the Jews. Envoys were repeatedly sent to them for peaceful settlement, but all in vain.
Consequently the Prophet [pbuh] came to the conclusion that a military campaign was a
must in order t
og Khaibar had been a Divine
promise implied in Allah’s Words: "Allah has promised you abundant spoils that you will
capture, and He has hastened for you this." [Al-Qur'an 48:20]
But this time Muslims did not give them time to call their helpers and Banu Nazir was
besieging in Khyber. They were of opinion that forte of Khyber would be tough target for
Muslims. But Muslim cut off their supply lines and made them ready to come out either
to fight or surrender. Some of them preferred to surrender and some of them wanted to
fight. Ultimately, the believer overcome the situation and Banu Nazir were defeated once
again.

The Compensatory ‘Umrah(Lesser Pilgrimage)

When Dhul Qa‘da month approached towards the close of the seventh year A.H., the
Prophet [pbuh] ordered his people, and the men who witnessed Al-Hudaibiyah Truce
Treaty in particular, to make preparations to perform ‘Umrah (lesser pilgrimage). He
proceeded with 2000 men besides some women and children [Fath Al-Bari 7/700], and
60 camels for sacrifice, to visit the Holy Sanctuary in Makkah. The Muslims took their
weapons with them fearing the treachery of the Quraishites, but left them with a party of

trokes that will remove heads from shoulders and make friend unmindful of friend."
Afte
two hundred men at a place some eight miles from Makkah. They entered the city with the
swords in their scabbards [Za'd Al-Ma'ad 2/151; Fath Al-Bari 7/700], with the Prophet
[pbuh] at their head on his she-camel, Al-Qaswa’, while the surrounding Companions
attentively focusing their look on him, all saying: "Here I am! at Your service O Allah!" The
Quraishites had left the place and retired to their tents on the adjoining hills. The Muslims
performed the usual circumambulation vigorously and briskly; and on recommendation
by the Prophet [pbuh] they did their best to appear strong and steadfast in their
circumambulation as the polytheists had spread rumours that they were weak because
the fever of Yathrib (Madinah) had sapped their strength. They were ordered to run in the
first three rounds and then walk in the remaining ones. The Makkans meanwhile aligned
on the top of Qu‘aiqa‘an Mount watching the Muslims, tongue-tied at witnessing their
strength and devotion. When they entered the Holy Sanctuary, ‘Abdullah bin Rawaha
walked before the Prophet [pbuh] reciting:
"Get out of his way, you disbelievers, make way, we will fight you about its revelation
with 
sr ritual walking and running between the two hills of Makkah, Safa and Marwah,
the Prophet[pbuh] with the Muslims halted at the latter spot to slaughter the sacrificial
animals and shave their heads.

The main body of the pilgrims had now performed the basic rites of the lesser pilgrimage,
but there remained those who were entrusted the charge of the weapons. The Prophet
had these relieved, and they went through the same devotions as the others did.
On the morning of the fourth day of the pilgrimage, the notables of Quraish asked ‘Ali bin
Abi Talib to tell the Prophet [pbuh] to leave Makkah along with his Companions. He, of
course, could not conceive of violating the terms of Al-Hudaibiyah Treaty, therefore he
ordered his men to depart for a village called Sarif where he stayed for some time.
It was during this visit of the Prophet [pbuh] to Makkah for pilgrimage that his
uncle ‘Abbas offered the hand of his sister-in-law, Maimuna — the daughter of Harith, to
him. The Prophet [pbuh] was kind enough to accept this offer since it was an effective
step towards cementing the ties of relationship between the Prophet [pbuh] and the
influential men of Makkah. The wedding took place in Sarif. [Za'd Al-Ma'ad 2/152]

aration. The Prophet [pbuh] was shocked on hearing
the news and ordered that a large ar
Narrators attached different designations to this lesser pilgrimage. Some called it the
compensatory lesser pilgrimage, performed instead of that uncompleted of Hudaibiyah;
and the other one, given preponderance by jurists, is the lesser pilgrimage consequent
on certain terms of a treaty already agreed upon. On the whole, compensatory, judicial
consent, retribution and reconciliation are all terms applicable to that visit.

EIGHTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 8TH A.H. ] 629 AD

The Battle of Mu’tah

It was the most significant and the fiercest battle during the lifetime of the Messenger
of Allah [pbuh], a preliminary and a prelude to the great conquests of the land of the
Christians. It took place in Jumada Al-Ula 8 A.H. / September 629 A.D. Mu’tah is a village
that lies on the borders of geographical Syria.
The Prophet [pbuh] had sent Al-Harith bin ‘Umair Al-Azdi on an errand to carry a letter to
the ruler of Busra. On his way, he was intercepted by Sharhabeel bin ‘Amr Al-Ghassani,
the governor of Al-Balqa’ and a close ally to Caesar, the Byzantine Emperor. Al-Harith was
tied and beheaded by Al-Ghassani.
Killing envoys and messengers used to be regarded as the most awful crime, and
amounted to the degree of war dec
lmy of 3000 men be mobilized and despatched to
the north to discipline the transgressors. [Za'd Al-Ma'ad 2/155; Fath Al-Bari 7/511] It
was the largest Muslim army never mobilized on this scale except in the process of the
Confederates Battle.
Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha was appointed to lead the army. Ja‘far bin Abi Talib would
replace him if he was killed, and ‘Abdullah bin Rawaha would succeed Ja‘far in case the
latter fell.[Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/611] A white banner was raised and handed over to Zaid.
The Prophet [pbuh] recommended that they reach the scene of Al-Harith’s murder and
invite the people to profess Islam. Should the latter respond positively, then no war would
ensue, otherwise fighting them would be the only alternative left.
At the conclusion of the military preparations, the people of Madinah gathered and bade
the army farewell. ‘Abdullah bin Rawaha began to weep at that moment, and when asked
why he was weeping, he swore that it was not love for this world nor under a motive of
infatuation with the glamour of life but rather the Words of Allah speaking of Fire that he
heard the Prophet [pbuh] reciting:
"There is not one of you but will pass over it (Hell); this is with your Lord, a Decree which
must be accomplished." [Al-Qur'an 19:71]

ner and called upon the Muslims
to choose a leader.
The honour was unanimously gr
The Muslim army then marched northward to Ma‘ân, a town bordering on geographical
Syria. There news came to the effect that Heraclius had mobilized a hundred thousand
troops. ‘Abdullah bin Rawaha was opposed to them being reluctant and addressed the
Muslims saying: "I swear by Allah that this very object which you hold in abhorrence is
the very one you have set out seeking, martyrdom. In our fight we don’t count on number
of soldiers or equipment but rather on the Faith that Allah has honoured us with. Dart
to win either of the two, victory or martyrdom." Bitter fighting started between the two
parties, three thousand Muslims against an enemy fiftyfold as large.

Hazrat Zaid bin Haritha, the closest to the Messenger’s heart, assumed leadership and

began to fight tenaciously and in matchless spirit of bravery until he fell, fatally stabbed.
Ja‘far bin Abi Talib then took the banner and did a miraculous job. In the thick of the
battle, he dismounted, hamstrung his horse and resumed fighting until his right hand was
cut off.
‘Abdullah bin Rawaha then proceeded to hold up the banner and fight bravely on his
horseback while reciting enthusiastic verses until he too was killed. Thereupon a man,
from Bani ‘Ajlan, called Thabit bin Al-Arqam took the ba
nanted to Khalid bin Al-Waleed, a skilled brave fighter
and an outstanding strategist. It was reported by Al-Bukhari that he used nine swords
that broke while he was relentlessly and courageously fighting the enemies of Islam.
The Byzantines, seeing this new strategy, believed that they were being entrapped and
drawn in the heart of the desert. They stopped the pursuit, and consequently the Muslims
managed to retreat back to Madinah with the slightest losses.
The Muslims sustained twelve martyrs, whereas the number of casualties among the
Byzantines was unknown although the details of the battle point clearly to a large
number. The battle was a real miracle proving that the Muslims were something
exceptional not then familiar. It pointed markedly to a new epoch of the Islamic conquest
of the Byzantine empire and other remote countries, to follow at a later stage.

The Conquest of Makkah

Ibn Al-Qaiyim described the conquest of Makkah as the greatest one by which Allah
honoured His religion, Messenger, soldiers and honest party. He thereby rescued the
Sacred House, whose guidance all people seek. It was the greatest propitious event in
heaven and on earth. It was the most significant prelude to a new era that was to witness
the great march of Islamization and the entry of people into the fold of Islam in huge

t of Quraish was clearly a breach of the treaty of Al-Hudaibiyah
and was obviously an a
hosts. It provided an ever shining face and a most glowing source of inspiration to the
whole earth. [Za'd Al-Ma'ad 2/160]

Pre-Conquest Events:

According to the terms of the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Arab tribes were given the option
to join either of the parties, the Muslims or Quraish, with which they desired to enter
into treaty alliance. Banu Bakr, without caring a bit for the provisions of the treaty,
attacked Banu Khuza‘ah in a place called Al-Wateer in Sha‘ban, 8 A.H. Quraish helped
Banu Bakr with men and arms taking advantage of the dark night. Pressed by their
enemies, the tribesmen of Khuza‘ah sought the Holy Sanctuary, but here too, their lives
were not spared, and, contrary to all accepted traditions, Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr,
chasing them in the sanctified area — where no blood should be shed — massacred his
adversaries.
When the aggrieved party sought justice from their Muslim allies, the Prophet [pbuh],
as their leader, demanded an immediate redress for not only violating the treaty but
also slaying men allied to him in the sanctified area. Three demands were made, the
acceptance of any one of them was imperative:
a. to pay blood money for the victims of Khuza‘ah,
b. to terminate their alliance with Banu Bakr; or
c. to consider the truce to have been nullified.
This behaviour on the pa
rct of hostility against the allies of the Muslims, i.e. Banu Khuza‘ah.
Quraish immediately realized the grave situation and feared the horrible consequences
looming on the horizon.
Abu Suffiyan approached Abu Bakr, but the latter too declined to interfere. He
contacted ‘Umar to intercede but this great Companion made a point-blank refusal. At
last he saw ‘Ali bin Abi Talib and began begging him in the most humble words, cunningly
alluding to the prospects of mastery over all the Arabs if he were to intercede for the

renewal of the treaty. ‘Ali also briefly regretted his inability to do anything for him. Abu
Sufyan turned his steps back to Makkah in a state of bitter disappointment and utter
horror.
Abu Sufyan recited some verses paying a generous tribute to the Prophet [pbuh] and
professing Islam as his only religion. Before he got near the camp, he met ‘Abbas, the
Prophet’s uncle. He apprised Abu Sufyan of the situation and advised him to accept Islam
and persuade his people to surrender before Muhammad [pbuh]; otherwise, his head
would be struck off. Under the prevailing compelling circumstances, Abu Sufyan went in
the company of ‘Abbas seeking the Prophet’s [pbuh] audience. The Muslims were furious
to see Abu Sufyan and wanted to kill him on the spot. But the two men managed, not
without difficulties, to see the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] who advised that they see him

fyan said that no army however
powerful could resist those people and addressing Al-‘
the following day. The Prophet [pbuh] addressed Abu Sufyan saying: "Woe to you! Isn’t
it time for you to bear witness to the Oneness of Allah and Prophethood of Muhammad?"
Here, the archenemy of Islam began to beseech the Prophet [pbuh] in the most earnest
words that testify to the Prophet’s generosity and mild temper begging for pardon and
forgiveness, and professing wholeheartedly the new faith.
On request by ‘Abbas, the Prophet [pbuh], in the context of the general amnesty
he proclaimed, gave Abu Sufyan, who had a liking for bragging, a special privilege,
saying: "He who takes refuge in Abu Sufyan’s house is safe; whosoever confines himself
to his house, the inmates thereof shall be in safety, and he who enters the Sacred Mosque
is safe."
On the morning of Tuesday, 17th. Ramadan, 8 A.H., the Prophet [pbuh] left Mar
Az-Zahran. He ordered Al-‘Abbas to detain Abu Sufyan at a commanding gorge that
could afford a full view of the Muslim army parading on its way towards Makkah, and
hence give him the chance to see the great and powerful soldiers of Allah. The different
tribes successively passed with their banners flown up, until at last the battalion of the
Emigrants and Helpers with the Prophet [pbuh] at their head heavily armed marched by.
Abu Sufyan began to wonder who those people were, to which Al-‘Abbas told him that
they were Muhammad [pbuh] and his Companions. Abu S
uAbbas, he said: "I swear by Allah
that the sovereignty of your brother’s son has become too powerful to withstand."
Al-‘Abbas answered, "It is rather the power of Prophethood," to which the former agreed.
Sa‘d bin ‘Ubadah carried the flag of the Helpers. When he passed by Abu Sufyan, he
said "Today will witness the great fight, you cannot seek sanctuary at Al-Ka‘bah. Today
will witness the humiliation of Quraish." Abu Sufyan complained about this to the Prophet
[pbuh] who got angry and said "Nay, today Al-Ka’abahwill be sanctified, and Quraish
honoured," and quickly ordered that Sa‘d should be stripped off the flag, and that it
should be entrusted to his son Qais, in another version, to Az-Zubair.
Al-‘Abbas urged Abu Sufyan to hasten into Makkah and warn the Quraishites against
any aggressive behaviour towards the Muslims. There in Makkah, he shouted at the
top of his voice and warned against any hostilities advising them to seek safety in his
house. His wife got indignant and tugged at his moustache cursing him and abusing
his cowardly stance. The people within Makkah mocked Abu Sufyan and dispersed in
different directions, some into their houses, others into the Holy Sanctuary while some
undisciplined reckless ruffians led by ‘Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl, Safwan bin Omaiyah and
Suhail bin ‘Amr encamped themselves in a place called Khandamah, with a murderous
intent in their minds.

ts, got up and proceeded towards Al-Ka‘bah,
the Sacred House, which is an emblem of the 
The Prophet [pbuh], on his part, was quite modestly and calmly drawing the final touches
for the military breakthrough awaiting the Muslims, by Allah’s Will. He appointed Khalid
bin Al-Waleed as a leader of the right flank of the army with Aslam, Sulaim, Ghifar,
Muzainah and Juhainah tribes under his command to enter Makkah through its lower
avenues. Az-Zubair bin ‘Awwam was to lead the left flank and would storm Makkah from
the upper side holding up the Messenger’s banner. Abu ‘Ubaidah took command of the
infantry and was to penetrate into the city via a side valley. They were given full and
decisive orders not to kill unless in self defence and in that case they would exterminate
any aggressive elements and quell any opposition.

The Muslim battalions marched out each in its already drawn route to fulfill the missions

they were supposed to carry out. Khalid bin Al-Waleed worked his way into the heart of
the town quite successively killing twelve of the ruffians and sustaining two martyrs. Az-
Zubair set out and reached the fixed destination where he planted the banner at Al-Fath
(conquest) Mosque and waited there for the arrival of the Prophet [pbuh]. A tent was
pitched for him where he offered prayers of thanks to the All-Mighty Allah, Who, out of
His immense grace, had granted him a splendid victory. But he did not repose long. He,
in the company of the Helpers and Emigra
nOneness and Supremacy of Allah. It was
unfortunately infested with idols that numbered 360. He knocked them down with his bow
while reciting the verse of the Noble Qur’ân:
"And Say: ‘Truth (i.e. Islamic Monotheism or this Qur’ân or Jihâd against polytheists) has
come and Batil (falsehood, i.e. Satan or polytheism, etc.) has vanished. Surely! Batil is
ever bound to vanish.’" [Al-Qur'an 17:81]
He then started the usual circumambulation on his ride. He was not in a state of Ihram
(ritual consecration) then. On completion, he called for ‘Uthman bin Talhah, the janitor
of Al-Ka‘bah, from whom he took the key. He went in and saw images of Prophets
Ibrahim and Ishmael, [AWS], throwing divination arrows. He denounced these acts of
Quraish and ordered that all idols be dismantled, images and effigies deleted. He then
entered the sacred hall to face the wall opposite the door and there again performed
devout prostrations, and went around acclaiming Allah’s Greatness and Oneness. Shortly
afterwards, he returned to the door-way and standing upon its elevated step, gazed in
thankfulness on the thronging multitude below and delivered the following celebrated
address:
"There is no god but Allah Alone. He has no associates. He made good His Promise that
He held to His slave and helped him and defeated all the Confederates along. Bear in mind
that every claim of privilege, whether that of blood, or property, is under my heel, except

Hazrat Bilal (RA) ascended Al-Ka’abah and called
for prayer. On that very day, the Prophet 
that of the custody of Al-Ka’abah and supplying of water to the pilgrims. Bear in mind that
for anyone who is slain, even though semi-deliberately, with club or whip, for him the
blood-money is very severe: a hundred camels, forty of them to be pregnant.
"O people of Quraish! surely Allah has abolished from you all pride of the pre-Islamic era
and all conceit in your ancestry, (because) all men are descended from Adam, and Adam
was made out of clay."
He then recited to them the verse [Al-Qur'an 49:13]:
"O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations
and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you near Allah
is that (believer) who has At-Taqwa [i.e. one of the Muttaqûn: i.e. pious and righteous
persons who fear Allah much (abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has
forbidden), and love Allah much (perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained)
]. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware."]
He further added: "O you people of Quraish! What do you think of the treatment that I am
about to accord to you?" They replied:
"O noble brother and son of noble brother! We expect nothing but goodness from you."
Upon this he said:
"I speak to you in the same words as Yusuf (the Prophet Joseph)
spoke unto his brothers: He said: "No reproach on you this day," [Al-Qur'an 12:92] go
your way, for you are freed ones."
When time for prayer approached,
 [pbuh] entered ‘Umm Hani’s house where he
washed and offered prayers of victory. ‘Umm Hani had sheltered two Makkan relatives of
hers in her house in which act she was granted support by the Prophet [pbuh]. Shedding
blood of nine arch-criminals was declared lawful even under the curtains of
Al-Ka‘abah.
Nevertheless, only four of them were killed while the others were pardoned for different
reasons. As for those who were killed, mention could be made of ‘Abdul ‘Uzza bin Khatal
who had become a Muslim and then deputed to collect alms-tax in the company of a
Helper. They had also a slave with them. ‘Abdullah, in a fit of rage, killed the Helper’s
slave on account of a mere trifling dispute, and joined the pagan Arabs as an apostate.

He was never repentant at this heinous crime but rather employed two women singers
and incited them to sing satirically about the Prophet [pbuh]. The other man who was put
to death was Miqyas bin Sababa. He was a Muslim. A Helper accidently killed his brother
Hisham. The Prophet [pbuh] had arranged the payment of blood money to him, which
he had accepted. His revengeful nature, however, was never appeased, so he killed the
Helper and went to Makkah as an apostate. Similarly, Huwairith and one woman singer
went to death.
On the other hand, every attempt was made to grant pardon to the people. ‘Ikrimah bin
Abu Jahl, who had attacked Hazrat Khalid Bin Waleed (RA)’s detachment at the time of
the entry into Makkah, was forgiven. To Wahshi, the murderer of Hamzah, the Prophet’s

emon
grass (for it is used) by our goldsmiths and for our homes." The Prophet [pbuh] t
uncle, and to Hind, who had chewed his liver, was also extended his generous clemency.
The same generous treatment was accorded to Habar who had attacked the Prophet’s
daughter with a spear, while on her way from Makkah to Madinah, so grievously that
she ultimately died of the fatal injuries. In the same context of magnanimity peculiar to
Muhammad [pbuh], two chiefs of Quraish were pardoned once they had embraced Islam.
They were Safwan bin Omaiyah and Fudalah bin ‘Umair.
On the second day of the great conquest, the Prophet [pbuh] stood up and addressed
the people in matters relating to the holy status of Makkah. After entertaining Allah’s
praise, he proclaimed that Makkah was a holy land and would remain so till the Day of
Judgement. No bloodshed was allowed therein. Should anyone take the liberty of fighting
within Makkah on grounds derived from the events that characterized the conquest,
he should remember that it had been a licence granted temporarily to the Prophet, and
virtually does not go for others. Ibn ‘Abbas [RA] narrated: The Prophet [pbuh] said: "Allah
has made Makkah, a sanctuary, so it was a sanctuary before me and will continue to be
a sanctuary after me. It was made legal for me (i.e. I was allowed to fight in it) for a few
hours of a day. It is not allowed to uproot its shrubs or to cut its trees, or to chase (or
disturb) its game, or to pick up its fallen things except by a person who would announce
that (what has found) publicly." Al-‘Abbas said: "O Allah’s Messenger! Except the 
lhen
said: "Except the lemon grass."
Immediately after the great conquest, the Makkans came to realize that the only way
to success lay in the avenue of Islam. They complied with the new realities and gathered
to pledge fealty to the Prophet [pbuh]. The men came first pledging full obedience in all
areas they can afford. Then came the women to follow the men’s example. The Prophet
[pbuh] with ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab receiving the pledge of fealty and communicating to
them for him. Hind bint ‘Utbah, Abu Sufyan’s wife, came in the trail of women disguised
lest the Prophet [pbuh] should recognize and account for her, having chewed the liver of
Hamzah, his uncle. The Prophet [pbuh] accepted their allegiance on condition that they
associate none with Allah, to which they immediately agreed. He added that they should
not practise theft. Here Hind complained that her husband, Abu Sufyan, was tight-fisted.
Her husband interrupted granting all his worldly possessions to her. The Prophet [pbuh]
laughed and recognized the woman. She implored him to extend his pardon to her and
efface all her previous sins.
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] stayed in Makkah for 19 days. During that period he
used to define the way to Islam, guide people to the orthodox path. He ordered Abu
Usaid Al-Khuza‘i to restore the pillars of the Holy Sanctuary, sent missions to all quarters
inviting them to adopt Islam and break down the graven images still lying in the vicinity
of Makkah, and he did have all of them scrapped, inculcating in the believers’ ears his

ople talked a lot. People began to convert into
Islam in hosts, and the Muslim army th
words: "Whoever believes in Allah and the Hereafter is supposed to scrap out the idols
that should happen to be in his house."
Shortly after the great conquest, the Prophet [pbuh] began to despatch platoons and
errands aiming at eliminating the last symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices.
He sent Khalid bin Al-Waleed (RA) in Ramadan 8 A.H. to a spot called Nakhlah where
there was a goddess called Al-‘Uzza venerated by Quraish and Kinanah tribes. It had
custodians from Bani Shaiban. Khalid, at the head of thirty horsemen arrived at the spot
and exterminated it. On his return, the Prophet [pbuh] asked him if he had seen anything

there, to which Khalid gave a negative answer. Here, he was told that it had not been
destroyed and he had to go there again and fulfill the task. He went back again and there
he saw a black woman, naked with torn hair. Khalid struck her with his sword into two
parts. He returned and narrated the story to the Prophet [pbuh], who then confirmed the
fulfillment of the task.
Hazrat Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of 350 horsemen of Helpers, Emigrants and
Bani Saleem was despatched once again in the same year 8 A.H. to the habitation of Bani
Khuzaimah bedouins to invite them to the fold of Islam. He was instructed to carry out
his mission with peace and goodwill. That is the story of the conquest of Makkah and the
decisive battle that exterminated paganism once and for all.
Al-Hudaibiyah Peace Treaty was the natural prelude to this great victory in which
people believed deeply and over which p
eat numbered 3000 only in the previous Ghazwah,
now came to reach 10,000 in number. In fact, this decisive change provided people with
the keen insight to perceive things and the world around them as a whole in a different
perceptive. The Muslims were then to steer the whole political and religious affairs of all
Arabia.

Missions and Platoons--- After the Conquest

Upon returning from this long successful travel, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] stayed in
Madinah where he received delegates and dispatched agents and appointed preachers and
callers to Islam everywhere. Those whose hearts were still full of prejudice against Islam
and therefore were too proud to embrace Allah’s religion, were decisively muffled on their
non-acquiescence in the status quo prevalent then in Arabia.
Here is a mini-image about the believed ones. We have already stated that the
Messenger’s arrival in Madinah was by the last days of the eighth year of Al-Hijra. No
sooner the crescent of Muharram of the ninth year turned up than the Messenger of Allah
[pbuh] dispatched the believed ones, to the tribes as shown in the list below:

to Bani Tamim.
to Aslam and Ghifar.
to Sulaim and Muzainah.
to Juhainah.
to Bani Fazarah.
to Bani Kilab.
to Bani Ka‘b.
to Bani Dhubyan.
to Sana‘a’ (Al-Aswad Al-‘Ansi called at him when he
9. Al-Muhajir bin Abi Omaiyah
was in it).
10. Ziyad bin Labid
to Hadramout.
11. ‘Adi bin Hatim
to Tai’ and Bani Asad.
12. Malik bin Nuwairah
to Bani Hanzalah.
13. Az-Zabraqan bin Badr
to Bani Sa‘d (a portion of them).
14. Qais bin ‘Asim
to Bani Sa‘d (a portion of them).
15. Al-‘Alâ’ bin Al-Hadrami
to Al-Bahrain.

ed his uncle Al-‘Abbas
16. ‘Ali bin Abi Talib
to Najran (to collect Sadaqa & Jizya).
Some of these agents were despatched in Muharram, 7 A.H., others were sent later until
the tribes they were heading for had completely converted into Islam. Such a move
clearly demonstrates the great success that the Islamic Da‘wah (Call) enjoyed after Al-
Hudaibiyah Treaty. However, shortly after the conquest of Makkah, people began to
embrace Islam in large hosts.

‘Uyaina bin Hisn
Yazeed bin Husain
‘Abbad bin Bishr Al-Ashhali
Rafi‘ bin Mukaith
‘Amr bin Al-‘As
Ad-Dahhak bin Sufyan
Basheer bin Sufyan
Ibn Al-Lutabiyah Al-Azdi

Battle of Hunain

On Shawwal, the nineteenth, the captive day, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] left Makkah
accompanied by twelve thousand Muslims. Ten thousand of those had previously shared
in Makkah Conquest. A great number of the other two thousand, who were Makkans,
had recently embraced Islam. That march was on the nineteenth day of his conquest to
Makkah.

On their way to Hunain they saw a great green Nabk plant, that was called Dhat-Anwat
(the one with suspenders). That was because the Arabs used to hang their weapons on
it, slay beasts under it and keep to it. Seeing how great in number the army was, some of
them said: "We shall not be defeated." Their statement sounded hard upon the Messenger
of Allah [pbuh].
On Wednesday night the tenth of Shawwal, the Muslim army arrived at Hunain. At early
dawn the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] started mobilizing his army and distributing posts
and flags to people. In the dark and just before dawn the Muslims moved towards Hunain
Valley.
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] orde
r — who was a sonorous voiced
man — to call out on the followers. As loudly as he could, Al-‘Abbas shouted: "Where are
the lancers?" "By Allah," Al-‘Abbas said, "Upon hearing my voice calling them back, they
turned round to the battlefield as if they had been oryxes (wild cows) tending towards
their calves."
"Here we are, at your service. Here we are."[Sahih Muslim 2/100] They said. There you
see them trying to stop their camels and reverse to the battle.
Those who were called out upon next were Al-Ansar, the Helpers, "O, folks of Al-Ansar!
Folks of Al-Ansar!"
The last group to be called out upon were Bani Al-Harith bin Al-Khazraj. Muslims
battalions poured successively into the battlefield in the same manner that they had left
it. The stamina of both parties was superb. Both of them stoodfast and fought fiercely.
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] was so eagerly and furiously watching the battle that he
said:
"Now the fight has grown fierce."
Picking up a handful of earth, he hurled it at their faces while saying:
"May your faces be shameful."
Their eyes were thick with dust and the enemy began to retreat in utter confusion.
Few hours had elapsed since the earth-handful was hurled at the enemy’s faces, when
they were shatteringly defeated. About seventy men of Thaqif alone were killed, and the
Muslims plundered all their riding camels, weapons and cattle.
Allah, Glory is to Him, alluded to this sudden change in the Qur’ân when He said:
"…and on the Day of Hunain (battle) when you rejoiced at your great number but it
availed you naught and the earth, vast as it is, was straitened for you, then you turned

of Makkah was considered a decisive one between
the truth and the error. As a res
back in flight. Then Allah did send down His Sakinah (calmness, tranquillity, and
reassurance, etc.) on the Messenger (Muhammad [pbuh]) and on the believers, and
sent down forces (angels) which you saw not, and punished the disbelievers. Such is the
recompense of disbelievers." [Al-Qur'an 9:25,26]
Ta’if Campaign
Ta’if Campaign is in fact an extension of Hunain Ghazwah; that is because the majority of
the defeated troops of Hawazin and Thaqif went into Ta’if with the general commander
— Malik bin ‘Awf An-Nasri — and fortified themselves within it. So upon finishing with
Hunain Invasion, he gathered the booty at Al-Ji‘ranah in the very month (i.e. Shawwal)
and in the eighth year A.H.
A vanguard battalion of a thousand men led by Khalid bin Al-Waleed marched towards
At-Ta’if. Whereas the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] proceeded passing through Nakhlah
Al-Yamaniyah, Qarn Al-Manazil and through Laiyah. At Laiyah there was a castle that
belonged to Malik bin ‘Awf, so the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] gave orders to have it
destroyed. He resumed his march till he got to Ta’if. There he dismounted, camped near
its castle and laid siege to the castle inhabitants; but not for long.
How long the siege continued, is still a matter of disagreement. It however stands
between 10-20 days. [Sahih Muslim, narrated by Anas [AWS]; Fath Al-Bari 8/45]
Upon returning and lifting the siege in Ta’if, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] had stayed
over ten nights at Al-Ji‘ranah before starting to distribute the booty.

NINETH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 9TH A.H. ] 630 AD

Tabuk Expedition in Rajab, in the Year 9 A.H.

The invasion and the conquest
 ult of which, the Arabs had no more doubt in Hazrat
Muhammad (SAWS)’s mission.
The Byzantine power, which was considered the greatest military force on earth at that
time, showed an unjustifiable opposition towards Muslims. Caesar — who could neither
ignore the great benefit that Mu’tah Battle had brought to Muslims, nor could he disregard
the Arab tribes’ expectations of independence. The underlying reasons the Byzantine
power, which was considered the greatest military force on earth at that time, showed an
unjustifiable opposition towards Muslims. As we have already mentioned, their opposition

 Al-Harith bin ‘Umair
started at killing the ambassador of the Messenger of Allah [pbuh]
,

l-Azdi, by Sharhabeel bin ‘Amr Al-Ghassani. The ambassador was then carrying a


Amessage from the Prophet [pbuh] to the ruler of Busra. We have also stated that the
Prophet consequently dispatched a brigade under the command of Zaid bin Haritha, who

have revenge on those haughty overproud tyrants, the confrontation itself had a grea
had a fierce fight against the Byzantines at Mu’tah. Although Muslim forces could no
tt
impression on the Arabs, all over Arabia.
Caesar — who could neither ignore the great benefit that Mu’tah Battle had brought to

nd reign, nor he could ignore their alliance to
the Muslims — realizing all that, Caesar
Muslims, nor could he disregard the Arab tribes’ expectations of independence, and their
hopes of getting free from his influence 
a was aware of the progressive danger threatening
his borders, especially Ash-Sham-fronts which were neighbouring Arab lands. So he
concluded that demolition of the Muslims power had grown an urgent necessity. This

 army of the Byzantines and pro-Roman
Ghassanide tribes to launch a decisive bloody battle
decision of his should, in his opinion, be achieved before the Muslims become too powerful
to conquer, and raise troubles and unrest in the adjacent Arab territories.
To meet these exigencies, Caesar mustered a hug
e against the Muslims.
The Prophet [pbuh] had taken an oath to stay off his wives for a month in the ninth year
of Al-Hijra. Therefore, he deserted them and kept off in a private place.
Upon accomplishing the equipment of the army, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] ordained

ed the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] and caught up with him. But the Prophet made ‘Ali
that Muhammad bin Maslamah Al-Ansari should be appointed over Madinah — in another
version Siba‘ bin ‘Arftah. To ‘Ali bin Abu Talib he entrusted his family’s safety and affairs
and ordered him to stay with them. This move made the hypocrites undervalue ‘Ali, so he
follo
w
turn back to Madinah after saying: "Would it not suffice you to be my successor in the way
that Aaron (Harun) was to Moses’?" Then he proceeded saying: "But no Prophet succeeds
me."
On Thursday, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] marched northwards to Tabuk. The army that
numbered thirty thousand fighters was a great one, when compared with the previous

nor perform the ablution with it. The dough they made, he asked them to fee
armies of Islam. Muslims had never marched with such a great number before.
On their way to Tabuk, the army of Islam passed by Al-Hijr — which was the native land
of Thamud who cut out (huge) rocks in the valley; that is "Al-Qura Valley" of today. They
watered from its well but later the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] told them not to drink of
that water,
 d
their camels with. He forbade them to eat anything whatsoever of it. As an alternative he
told them to water from that well which Prophet Salih’s she-camel used to water from.
On the authority of Ibn ‘Umar: "Upon passing by Al-Hijr the Prophet [pbuh] said:
"Do not enter the houses of those who erred themselves lest what had happened to them

stand up. Whoever has a camel
should tie it up.’ Later on when the strong wind blew, one
would afflict you, but if you had to do such a thing let it be associated with weeping."
Then he raised his head up and accelerated his strides till he passed the valley out."
[Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/637]
On the way to Tabuk, or as soon as they reached Tabuk, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh]
said: ‘Severe wind will blow tonight, so none of you should
  of the men stood up and the
wind carried him away to Tai’ Mountain. [ibid. Sahih Muslim 2/246]
Arriving at Tabuk and camping there, the Muslim army was ready to face the enemy.
There, the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] delivered an eloquent speech that included the most

inclusive words. In that speech he urged the Muslims to seek the welfare of this world and

rsemen to ‘Ukaidir Dumat Al-Jandal and said to him: "You will see
him hunting oryxes
the world to come. He warned and cherished them and gave them good tidings. By doing
that he cherished those who were broken in spirits, and blocked up the gap of shortage
and mess they were suffering from due to lack of supplies, food and other substances.
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] dispatched Khalid bin Al-Waleed at the head of four
hundred and fifty h
o." So when Khalid drew near his castle and was as far as an eye-sight
range, he saw the oryxes coming out rubbing their horns against the castle gate. As it
was a moony night Khalid could see Ukaidir come out to hunt them, so he captured him —
though he was surrounded by his men — and brought him back to the Messenger of Allah
[pbuh], who spared his life and made peace with him for the payment of two thousand

 and fro. Tabuk Invasion was the last one made by the
Prophet [pbuh]. The effect of thi
camels, eight hundred heads of cattle, four hundred armours and four hundred lances. He
obliged him to recognize the duty of paying tribute and charged him with collecting it from
Dumat, Tabuk, Ailah and Taima’.
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] ’s march to Tabuk was in Rajab and his return in Ramadan.
So we see that this Ghazwah took fifty days, twenty days of which were spent in Tabuk
and the others on the way t
os invasion is great as regards extending and confirming
the Muslims’ influence and domination on the Arabian Peninsula. It was quite obvious to
everybody that no power but Islam’s would live long among the Arabs.

TENTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 10TH A.H. ] 631 AD

The delegation of ‘Abdul Qais
Daws Delegation
Farwah Bani ‘Amr Al-Judhami’s
messenger
Sudâ’ Delegation
The arrival of Ka‘b bin Zuhair bin Abi
Sulma
‘Udharah Delegation
Bali Delegation
Thaqif Delegation
The message of the Yemeni kings

wer World was abo
Hamdan Delegation
The Delegation of Bani Fazarah
Najran’s Delegation
Bani Haneefa Delegation
The Delegation of Bani ‘Amir bin
Sa‘sa‘a
Tujeeb Delegation
Tai’ Delegation

The Delegations

The Farewell Pilgrimage

After the accomplishment of the Call, the proclamation of the Message and the
establishment of a new society on the basis of ‘There is no god but Allah,’ and on
Muhammad’s mission, a secret call up rose in the heart of the Messenger of Allah
[pbuh] telling him that his stay in the L
out to terminate. That was
clear in his talk to Mu‘adh whom he had dispatched to Yemen in the tenth year of Al-
Hijra: "O, Mu‘adh! You may not see me after this current year. You may even pass by
this very Mosque of mine and my tomb." Upon hearing that Mu‘adh cried for fear that
he would part with the Messenger of Allah [pbuh].
Allah’s care was so bounteous as to let the Prophet [pbuh] see the fruits of his Call
for the sake of which he suffered various sorts of trouble for over twenty years. Those

nah, all of whom
seek the guidance and Imamate of the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] i
twenty years had elapsed actively. He used to spend his last days meeting, at the
outskirts of Makkah, members of tribes and their representatives who used to consult
him and learn the laws and legislation of Islam from him, and in return he used to
exact their testimony that he had delivered trust and communicated the Message and
counselled the people.
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] announced an intention to proceed with this blessed
pilgrimage journey himself. Enormous crowds of people came to Mad
in the pilgrimage
(Al-Hajj). When it was a morning he said to his Companions:
"A comer, sent by
my Lord, has called on me tonight and said: ‘Pray in this blessed valley and say: I
intend ‘Umrah combined with pilgrimage (‘Umrah into Al-Hajj).[Sahih Al-Bukhari]
Before performing the noon prayer, he bathed for Ihram (ritual consecration),
and ‘Aishah [R] perfumed him on both his body and head with her hand with a Dharira
(a plant) and with a perfume containing musk. The thick sticky layer of perfume could

n prayer. He had a bath on
Sunday morning, the fourth of Dhul-Hijjah the tenth yea
be seen among his parts of hair and beard. He left it unwashed, wore his loincloth
and garment. He performed the noon prayer shortened, two Rak‘a. He proclaimed
pilgrimage procedure associated with ‘Umrah at his prayer-place. He, then mounted
his she-camel ‘Al-Qaswa’, and proclaimed: ‘There is no god but Allah’. When he moved
into the desert, he acclaimed the Name of Allah.
He proceeded with his journey till he approached Makkah. He spent the night at
Dhi Tuwa and entered Makkah after performing the da
wr of Al-Hijra. He spent eight
days on the way, which was an average period. As soon as he entered Al-Haram
Mosque he circumambulated Al-Ka‘bah and walked to and fro (Sa‘i) between As-Safa
and Al-Marwah. He did not finish the Ihram (ritual consecration) because he was
Qarin (i.e. intending ‘Umrah and Al-Hajj associated). He then took Al-Hadi (i.e. the
sacrificial animals) in order to slaughter them. He camped on a high place of Makkah
— Al-Hajun. As for circumambulation, he performed only that of Al-Hajj (pilgrimage
circumambulation).

hram. On hearing
these words, his Companions obeyed the orders to the latter
Those of his Companions who had no Hadi with them to sacrifice, were ordered
to observe Ihram (i.e. the state of ritual consecration) into ‘Umrah (i.e. lesser
pilgrimage), and circumambulate Al-Ka‘bah and stride ritually to and fro between
As-Safa and Al-Marwah. After that they could relieve themselves from Ihram.
They, however, showed reluctance to do what they had been told. Thereupon, the
Messenger of Allah [pbuh] said: "Had I known beforehand what I knew afterward,
I would not bring Hadi, and if I did not have Hadi, I would break 
I.
On the eighth day of Dhul-Hijjah — that is the Day of Tarwiyah, he left for Mina where
he performed the noon, the afternoon, the sunset, the evening and the dawn prayers.
— i.e. five prayers. Then he stayed for a while till the sun rose up then he passed along
till he reached ‘Arafah, where there was a tent built for him at Namirah. He sat inside
till the sun went down. He ordered that Al-Qaswa’, his she-camel, should be prepared
for him. They saddled it and had it ready, so he went down the valley where a hundred
thousand and twenty-four or forty-four thousand people gathered round him. There he


norance (pre-Islamic time) are remitted. The
stood up and delivered the following speech:
" O people! Listen to what I say. I do not know whether I will ever meet you at this
place once again after this current year. [Ibn Hisham 2/603] It is unlawful for you
to shed the blood of one another or take (unlawfully) the fortunes of one another.
They are as unlawful, (Haram) as shedding blood on such a day as today and in such
a month as this Haram month and in such a sanctified city as this sacred city (i.e.
Makkah and the surrounding areas)."
"Behold! all practices of paganism and ignorance are now under my feet. The blood-
revenge of the Days of I
g first claim on
blood I abolish is that of Ibn Rabi‘a bin Harith who was nursed in the tribe of Sa‘d
and whom Hudhail killed. Usury is forbidden, and I make a beginning by remitting
the amount of interest which ‘Abbas bin ‘Abdul Muttalib has to receive. Verily, it is
remitted entirely."
"O people! Fear Allah concerning women. Verily you have taken them on the security
of Allah and have made their persons lawful unto you by Words of Allah! It is
incumbent upon them to honour their conjugal rights and, not to commit acts of
impropriety which, if they do, you have authority to chastise them, yet not severely.

had accomplished delivering the speech, the following
Qur’ânic verse was revealed to
If your wives refrain from impropriety and are faithful to you, clothe and feed them
suitably."
"Verily, I have left amongst you the Book of Allah and the Sunnah (Traditions) of His
Messenger which if you hold fast, you shall never go astray." [Sahih Muslim 1/397]
"And if you were asked about me, what wanted you to say?"
They replied:
"We bear witness that you have conveyed the message and discharged your ministry."
He then raised his forefinger skywards and then moved it down towards people while
saying:
"O Allah, Bear witness." He said that phrase thrice. [Sahih Muslim 1/397]
As soon as the Prophet [pbuh]
  him:
"This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed My Favour upon you, and
have chosen for you Islam as your religion." [Al-Qur'an 5:3]
Upon hearing this verse ‘Umar cried. "What makes you cry?" He was asked. His
answer was: "Nothing succeeds perfection but imperfection." [Rahmat-ul-lil'alameen
1/265]
Bilal called for prayer after the speech, and then made the second call. The Prophet
[pbuh] performed both of the noon and the afternoon prayers separately, with no
prayers in between. He then mounted his she-camel Al-Qaswa’, approached the
location of the vigil, directed his face towards Al-Qiblah, kept on standing till sunset

re
the sun rose high, he made his way to Mina. He walked a little and threaded
when the sky yellow colour vanished a bit and the disc of the sun disappeared.
Osamah added that the Prophet [pbuh]moved onward to Muzdalifa. where he
observed the sunset and the evening prayers with one ‘First call’ and two ‘second
calls’. He did not entertain the Glory of Allah between the two prayers. Then he lay
down till it was dawn prayer time. He performed it with one first call and one second
call at almost daybreak time. Mounting on his Al-Qaswa’, he moved towards Al-
Mash‘ar Al-Haram. He faced Al-Qiblah and started supplicating: "Allah is the Greatest.
There is no god but Allah." He remained there till it was clear morning and bef
o the
mid-road leading to the big Jamrah where he stopped and pelted seven pebbles at it
saying "Allah is the Greatest" each time. They were like small pebbles hurled from the
bottom of the valley. Then he set off to the sacrificial place, where he sacrificed sixty-
three camels with his hands, and asked ‘Ali to slaughter the others, a hundred and
thirty-seven altogether. He made ‘Ali share him in Al-Hadi. A piece of meat from each
slaughtered animal was ordered to be cooked in a pot and from which both men ate,
and drank the soup.
Then the Messenger of Allah [pbuh] mounted his she-camel and returned to the House
where he observed the noon prayer at Makkah and there he came upon the children


reported a
version narrated by Abi Bakrah who said:
The Prophet [pbuh] made a speec
of ‘Abdul Muttalib were supplying drinking water to people at Zamzam Well. "Draw up
water, children of ‘Abdul Muttalib, I would draw up with you if I were not afraid that
people would appropriate this honour after me." They handed him a pail of water and
he drank to his fill. [Sahih Muslim 1/397-400]
At the daytime of the tenth of Dhul-Hijjah on the Slaughtering Day (Yaum An-Nahr)
The Prophet [pbuh] delivered another speech. That was at high time morning, while
he was mounting a grey mule. ‘Ali conveyed his statements to the people, who were
standing or sitting. [Abu Da'ud 1/270] He repeated some of the statements that he
had previously said the day before. The two Sheikh (Bukhâri and Muslim)
 h on Yaum An-Nahr (day of slaughtering) and said:
"Time has grown similar in form and state to the time when Allah created the heavens
and the earth. A year is twelve months. Four of which are Sacred Months (Hurum).
Three of the four months are successive. They are Dhul-Qa‘dah, Dhul-Hijjah, and
Al-Muharram. The fourth Month is Rajab Mudar, which comes between Jumada and
Sha‘ban."
"What month is this month?" He asked. We said: "Allah and His Messenger know
best of all." He kept silent for a while till we thought he would attach to it a different
appellation. "Is it not Dhul-Hijjah?" He wondered. "Yes. It is." We said. Then he
asked, "What is this town called?" We said: "Allah and His Messenger know best of

(after death) to your Lord. There you will be
accounted for your deeds. So do not turn
all." He was silent for a while till we thought he would give it a different name. "Is
it not Al-Baldah? (i.e. the town)" asked he. "Yes. It is." We replied. Then he asked
again, "What day is it today?" We replied: "Allah and His Messenger know best of
all." Then he kept silent for a while and said wondering: "Is it not ‘An-Nahr’ (i.e.
slaughtering) Day?" "Yes. It is." Said we. Then he said: "(Shedding) the blood of one
another and eating or taking one another’s provisions (unwillingly) and your honour
are all inviolable (Haram). It is unlawful to violate their holiness. They must be as
sacred to one another as this sacred day, in this sacred month, in this sacred town."
"You will go back to be resurrected
  into people who go astray and kill one
another."
"Have I not delivered the Message (of my Lord)?" "Yes you have." Said they. "O Allah!
Bear witness! Let him that is present convey it unto him who is absent. For haply,
many people to whom the Message is conveyed may be more mindful of it than the
audience,." said he. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/234]
The Messenger of Allah [pbuh] spent At-Tashreeq Days (11th, 12th and 13th of
Dhul-Hijjah) in Mina performing the ritual teachings of Islam, remembering Allah
(praying), following the ways of guidance of Ibrahim, wiping out all traces and
features or polytheism. His speech that day was similar to that of An-Nahr Day’s. It
was made after the revelation of Surat An-Nasr.
On the second day of An-Nafr (i.e. Departure) — on the thirteenth of Dhul-Hijjah,

 theirs, who embraced
Islam. Killing Farwah bin ‘Amr Al-Judhami, who was their ag
the Prophet [pbuh] proceeded with An-Nafr to Mina and stayed at a high place of a
mountain side at Bani Kinanah from Al-Abtah. He spent the rest of that day and night
there — where he performed the noon, the afternoon, the sunset and the evening
prayers.
Then he slept for a short while and mounted leaving for the Ka‘bah. He performed the
Farewell Circumambulation (Tawaf Al-Wada‘), after ordering his Companions to do the
same thing. Upon the accomplishment of his religious rituals he quickened his move
to the purified Madinah. He went there not to seek rest but to resume the strife and
struggle in the way of Allah. [Sahih Al-Bukhari]

The Last Expeditions

The pride of the Byzantine State made it deny Muslims their right to live. The
Byzantine arrogance made them even kill those agents o
fent on Mu’an, was an
evidence of their arrogance. Due to that arrogance and presumptuousness of the
Byzantines, the Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] started to mobilize a great army in Safar

in the eleventh year of Al-Hijra and made it under the command of Osamah bin Zaid
bin Haritha with orders to have the horses of Muslims tread on the lands bordering Al-
Balqa’ and Ad-Darum of Palestine.
The leadership of Osamah was subject to criticism. Because he was still too young,
people tarried at joining his expedition. The Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] addressed
people saying:
"No wonder now you contest his leadership, for you have already contested the ex-
leadership of his father. Yes, by Allâh, his father, who was one of the most beloved
people to me, was quite efficient for leadership; and this son of his is one of the most

s that
bespoke of leave-taking. They
In Ramadan in the tenth year of 
beloved individuals to me after his father." [Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/612]
So people started tending towards Osamah and joined his army. The number of
volunteers in his army was so enormous that they formed such a long queue that
they had to descend the escarpment — which was a parasang off Madinah. The
anxiety-provoking news about the Messenger of Allâh’s sickness, however, made
the expedition tarry again in order to know what Allâh had willed as regards His
Messenger [pbuh].
It was Allâh’s Will that Osamah’s expedition would be the first one dispatched during
the caliphate of the veracious Abu Bakr.
ELEVENTH YEAR AFTER HIJRAH [ 11TH A.H. ] 632 AD

Symptoms of Farewell

When the Call to Islam grew complete and the new faith dominated the whole
situation. The Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] started to develop certain sympto
mAl-Hijra he secluded himself for twenty days in
contrast to ten, previously.
The archangel Gabriel reviewed the Qur’ân twice with him.
His words in the Farewell Pilgrimage (i.e. Al-Wida‘):"I do not know whether I will
ever meet you at this place once again after this current year."
One day, at midnight he went to Al-Baqee‘ cemetry, and implored Allâh to forgive
the martyrs of Islam. He said: "Peace be upon you tomb-dwellers! May that
morning that dawns upon you be more relieving than that which dawn upon the
living. Afflictions are approaching them like cloudy lumps of a dark night — the
last of which follows the first. The last one is bearing more evil than the first." He
comforted them saying: "We will follow you."

The Departure of Prophet (SAWS) from this World

On Monday the twenty-ninth of Safar in the eleventh year of Al-Hijra, he participated


 five days before he died the Prophet’s temperature rose so high
signalling the severe
in funeral rites in Al-Baqee‘. On the way back he had a headache, his temperature rose
so high that the heat effect could be felt over his headband.
He led the Muslims in prayer for eleven days though he was sick. The total number of
his sick days were either thirteen or fourteen.
When his sickness grew severe he asked his wives: "Where shall I stay
tomorrow?" "Where shall I stay?" They understood what he wanted. So they allowed
him to stay wherever he wished. He moved to ‘Aishah’s room leaning — while he was
walking — on Al-Fadl bin Al-‘Abbas and ‘Ali bin Abi Talib. Head banded as he was, he
dragged his feet till he came into her abode. It was there that he spent the last week
of his life.
During that period, ‘Aishah used to recite Al-Mu‘awwidhat (Chapters 113 and 114 of
the Qur’ân) and other supplications which he had already taught her.
On Wednesday
,ness of his disease. He fainted and suffered from pain. "Pour out
on me seven Qirab (water skin pots) of various water wells so that I may go out to
meet people and talk to them." So they seated him in a container (usually used for
washing) and poured out water on him till he said: "That is enough. That is enough."

Then he felt well enough to enter the Mosque. He entered it band-headed, sat on the
pulpit and made a speech to the people who were gathering together around him. He
said:
"The curse of Allâh falls upon the Jews and Christians for they have made their
Prophets’ tombs places of worship." [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/62; Mustta' Imam Malik
p.360]
Then he said:
"Do not make my tomb a worshipped idol." [Muatta' Imam Malik p.65]
Then he offered himself and invited the people to repay any injuries he might have
inflicted on them, saying:
"He whom I have ever lashed his back, I offer him my back so that he may avenge

ator said that he had forgotten it. It could have
been adherence to the Holy Bo
himself on me. He whom I have ever blasphemed his honour, here I am offering my
honour so that he may avenge himself."
On Thursday, four days before the death of the Messenger of Allâh [pbuh], he said to
people—though he was suffering from a severe pain: "Come here. I will cause you to
write something so that you will never fall into error." Upon this ‘Umar bin Al-Khattab
said: "The Prophet of Allâh [pbuh] is suffering from acute pain and you have the
Qur’ân with you; the Book of Allâh is sufficient unto you." Others however wanted the
writing to be made. When Muhammad [pbuh] heard them debating over it, he ordered
them to go away and leave him alone. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/637]
That day he recommended three things:
Jews, Christians and polytheists should be expelled out of Arabia.
He recommended that delegations should be honoured and entertained, in a way
similar to the one he used to do.
As for the third — the nar
rok and the Sunnah. It was likely to be the
accomplishment and the mobilization of Osamah’s army, or it could have been
performance of prayers and being attentive to slaves.
On Saturday or on Sunday, the Prophet [pbuh] felt that he was well enough to
perform the prayer; so he went out leaning on two men in order to perform the noon
prayer. Abu Bakr, who was then about to lead the prayer withdrew when he saw
him coming; but the Prophet [pbuh] made him a gesture to stay where he was and
said: "Seat me next to him." They seated him on the left hand side of Abu Bakr. The
Prophet [pbuh] led the prayer, and Abu Bakr followed him and raised his voice at
every ‘Allâhu Akbar’ (i.e. Allâh is the Greatest) the Prophet [pbuh] said, so that the
people may hear clearly. [Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/98,99]
On Sunday, a day before he died, the Prophet [pbuh] set his slaves free, paid as a
charity the seven Dinars he owned and gave his weapons as a present to the Muslims.

 gave Fatimah glad tidings that she would become the lady of all women of the
wor
So when night fell ‘Aishah had to borrow some oil from her neighbour to light her
oil-lantern. Even his armour was mortgaged as a security with a Jew for thirty Sa‘ (a
cubic measure) of barley.
In a narration by Anas bin Malik, he said: "While the Muslims were performing the
dawn prayer on Monday — led by Abu Bakr, they were surprised to see the Messenger
of Allâh [pbuh] raising the curtain of ‘Aishah’s room. He looked at them while they
were praying aligned properly and smiled cheerfully. Seeing him, Abu Bakr withdrew
to join the lines and give way to him to lead the prayer. For he thought that the
Prophet [pbuh] wanted to go out and pray." Anas said: "The Muslims, who were
praying, were so delighted that they were almost too enraptured at their prayers. The
Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] made them a gesture to continue their prayer, went into
the room and drew down the curtain." [The Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] did not live for
the next prayer time.
H
eld. [Rahmat-ul-lil'alameen 1/282] .
After the Prayer of Dawn of Monday, the 12th Rabbi ul Awwal 11A.H. (632AD),
When the pangs of death started, ‘Aishah leant him against her. She used to say:
One of Allâh’s bounties upon me is that the Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] died in my

house, while I am still alive. He died between my chest and neck while he was leaning
against me. Allâh has mixed his saliva with mine at his death. For ‘Abdur Rahman —
the son of Abu Bakr — came in with a Siwak (i.e. the root of a desert plant used for
brushing teeth) in his hand, while I was leaning the Messenger of Allâh [pbuh] against
me. I noticed that he was looking at the Siwak, so I asked him — for I knew that he
wanted it — "Would you like me to take it for you?" He nodded in agreement. I took it
and gave it to him. As it was too hard for him, I asked him "Shall I soften it for you?"
He nodded in agreement. So I softened it with my saliva and he passed it (on his
teeth).


People entered the room ten by ten. They prayed for the Prophet [pbuh]. The first to
pray for him were people of his clan. Then the Emigrants, then the Helpers. Women


prayed for him after men. The young were the last to pray